Nominalizing¶
Quick Reference
| Form | Usage | Formation | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -기 | General nominalizer | Stem + 기 | 먹기 (eating) |
| Subject/Object | 먹기가 좋아요 | ||
| After modifiers | 빨리 먹기 | ||
| -ㅁ/음 | Formal/written | Vowel: -ㅁ | 먹음 (eating) |
| Abstract concepts | Consonant: -음 | 앎 (knowing) | |
| Subject marker | 먹음을 좋아해요 |
Common Pattern: -기 + adjective describes the action itself - 쉽다 (easy to do), 어렵다 (hard to do), 좋아하다 (like to do)
Detailed Explanation¶
Nominalizing transforms verbs and adjectives into nouns, allowing them to function as subjects, objects, or topics in sentences. Korean has two main nominalizers with different uses and formality levels.
-기 (Informal, Spoken)¶
Formation: Simply add -기 to the verb/adjective stem.
- 먹다 → 먹기
- 공부하다 → 공부하기
- 쉽다 → 쉽기
When to Use -기:
- As subject/object with descriptive adjectives
- 한국어를 배우기가 재미있어요 (Learning Korean is fun)
-
수영하기를 좋아해요 (I like swimming)
-
After adverbs and modifiers
- 빨리 먹기 (eating quickly)
-
열심히 공부하기 (studying hard)
-
In certain fixed expressions
- 먹기 전에 (before eating)
- 보기 좋다 (good to see)
-ㅁ/음 (Formal, Written)¶
Formation: - After vowel or ㄹ: Add -ㅁ (가다 → 감) - After consonant: Add -음 (먹다 → 먹음)
When to Use -ㅁ/음:
- With object particle 을/를
- 그의 거짓말함을 알았어요 (I knew about his lying)
-
일찍 일어남을 좋아해요 (I like waking up early)
-
In formal or written contexts
- 금연 (no smoking) - from 금하다 + -ㅁ
-
앎 (knowledge) - from 알다
-
Abstract concepts and principles
- 삶 (life) - from 살다
- 믿음 (belief) - from 믿다
Formation Steps¶
For -기:
- Take the verb/adjective stem (remove -다)
- Add -기
- Use with subject/topic particles or in -기 expressions
For -ㅁ/음:
- Take the verb/adjective stem
- Check if stem ends in vowel/ㄹ or consonant
- Add -ㅁ (vowel/ㄹ) or -음 (consonant)
- Use with object particle 을/를 or as standalone noun
Examples¶
-기 as Subject:
- 운동하기가 힘들어요 (Exercising is hard)
- 한국 음식 만들기가 쉬워요 (Making Korean food is easy)
- 일찍 자기가 건강에 좋아요 (Sleeping early is good for health)
-기 as Object:
- 저는 노래하기를 좋아해요 (I like singing)
- 영화 보기를 싫어해요 (I dislike watching movies)
- 요리하기를 배우고 싶어요 (I want to learn cooking)
-기 with Adjectives:
- 이 문제는 풀기 어려워요 (This problem is difficult to solve)
- 김치는 먹기 매워요 (Kimchi is spicy to eat)
- 이 책은 읽기 쉬워요 (This book is easy to read)
-기 Before:
- 자기 전에 이를 닦아요 (I brush my teeth before sleeping)
- 먹기 전에 손을 씻으세요 (Wash your hands before eating)
- 떠나기 전에 전화하세요 (Call before leaving)
-ㅁ/음 with Object Particle:
- 그의 옴을 기다려요 (I'm waiting for his coming)
- 진실을 말함이 중요해요 (Speaking the truth is important)
- 매일 운동함을 추천해요 (I recommend exercising daily)
-ㅁ/음 as Abstract Nouns:
- 삶이 아름다워요 (Life is beautiful)
- 앎은 힘이에요 (Knowledge is power)
- 믿음이 필요해요 (Belief is necessary)
Comparison:
- 읽기가 좋아요 (Reading is good) - casual
- 읽음이 좋아요 (Reading is good) - formal
- 수영하기 싫어요 (I don't like swimming) - natural with -기
- 수영함을 싫어해요 (I dislike swimming) - more formal/written
Common Expressions with -기¶
- -기 때문에 (because of doing)
- -기 위해서 (in order to)
- -기로 하다 (decide to do)
- -기 시작하다 (start doing)
- -기 쉽다/어렵다 (easy/hard to do)
Practice¶
-
(공부하다) 한국어를 ____가 재미있어요.
-
(운동하다) 매일 ____를 좋아해요.
-
(요리하다) 집에서 ____가 어려워요?
-
(먹다) ____ 전에 기도해요.
-
(가다) 그의 ____을 기다리고 있어요. (Use formal form)
-
Translate: "I like listening to music."
-
(보다) 이 영화는 ____ 쉬워요.
-
(쓰다) 한자를 ____가 힘들어요.
-
Translate: "Knowledge is important." (Use 알다 → formal nominalized form)
-
(일어나다) 일찍 ____를 싫어해요.