Can/Cannot: -ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다, 못¶
Quick Reference
-ㄹ/을 수 있다: "can, be able to" (ability or possibility) -ㄹ/을 수 없다: "cannot" (impossibility due to circumstances) 못: "cannot" (lack of ability or skill) Formation: Verb stem + ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다 OR 못 + verb Key Difference: 못 = can't do it (ability) | -ㄹ 수 없다 = impossible (circumstances)
Detailed Explanation¶
Korean has multiple ways to express "can" and "cannot," each with subtle but important differences. Understanding these distinctions helps you communicate more precisely about abilities, possibilities, and limitations.
Formation Rules¶
-ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다¶
Based on final consonant:
- Stem ends in vowel or ㄹ → ㄹ 수 있다/없다
- 가다 → 갈 수 있다/없다
- 만들다 → 만들 수 있다/없다
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놀다 → 놀 수 있다/없다
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Stem ends in consonant → 을 수 있다/없다
- 먹다 → 먹을 수 있다/없다
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읽다 → 읽을 수 있다/없다
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Works with all verbs and adjectives:
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좋다 → 좋을 수 있다 (can be good)
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Conjugates like 있다/없다:
- Present: 갈 수 있어요/없어요
- Past: 갈 수 있었어요/없었어요
- Future: 갈 수 있을 거예요
못 (Cannot)¶
Placed before the verb:
- All verbs: 못 + verb
- 가다 → 못 가다 → 못 가요
- 먹다 → 못 먹다 → 못 먹어요
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이해하다 → 못 이해하다 → 못 이해해요
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Conjugate the verb normally after 못:
- Present: 못 가요
- Past: 못 갔어요
- Future: 못 갈 거예요
Key Differences: 못 vs -ㄹ 수 없다¶
1. 못 - Inability or Lack of Skill¶
Used when you lack the ability, skill, or means to do something:
Lack of Skill¶
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저는 수영을 못해요. I can't swim. (don't have the skill)
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한국어를 못해요. I can't speak Korean. (don't have the ability)
Lack of Means¶
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돈이 없어서 못 사요. I can't buy it because I don't have money.
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시간이 없어서 못 가요. I can't go because I don't have time.
2. -ㄹ 수 없다 - Impossibility¶
Used when something is impossible due to circumstances or external factors:
Impossible Circumstances¶
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오늘은 갈 수 없어요. I cannot go today. (circumstances prevent it)
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지금은 만날 수 없어요. We cannot meet now. (not possible at this time)
Physical Impossibility¶
- 그 산은 너무 높아서 올라갈 수 없어요. That mountain is too high, so we cannot climb it.
3. Interchangeability¶
In many contexts, both are acceptable with slightly different nuances:
못 가요 vs 갈 수 없어요 (cannot go) - 못 가요: Focuses on YOUR inability/lack of means - 갈 수 없어요: Focuses on the impossibility of the situation
Sometimes the difference is very subtle, and native speakers use them interchangeably in casual conversation.
4. Emphasis Differences¶
못 often emphasizes: - Personal inability - Lack of skill - Failure to complete
-ㄹ 수 없다 often emphasizes: - External impossibility - Logical impossibility - Circumstances beyond control
Using -ㄹ/을 수 있다 (Can/Able To)¶
Ability¶
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한국어를 할 수 있어요. I can speak Korean.
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운전할 수 있어요. I can drive.
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요리할 수 있어요? Can you cook?
Possibility¶
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내일 올 수 있어요. I can come tomorrow. (it's possible)
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여기에 앉을 수 있어요. You can sit here. (it's allowed/possible)
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도서관에서 공부할 수 있어요. You can study at the library.
Permission¶
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들어갈 수 있어요? Can I come in? (may I)
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사진을 찍을 수 있어요? Can I take a photo? (may I)
Using -ㄹ/을 수 없다 (Cannot/Unable To)¶
Impossibility¶
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혼자서는 할 수 없어요. I cannot do it alone.
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그 말을 믿을 수 없어요. I cannot believe that.
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지금은 결정할 수 없어요. I cannot decide right now.
Not Allowed¶
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여기서는 담배를 피울 수 없어요. You cannot smoke here.
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도서관에서 먹을 수 없어요. You cannot eat in the library.
Using 못 (Cannot)¶
Inability¶
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저는 매운 음식을 못 먹어요. I can't eat spicy food.
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아직 한자를 못 읽어요. I still can't read Chinese characters.
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술을 못 마셔요. I can't drink alcohol.
Failed Action¶
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어제 숙제를 못 했어요. I couldn't do homework yesterday. (didn't manage to)
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시험을 못 봤어요. I couldn't take the exam.
Double Negative: 안 -ㄹ 수 없다¶
"Cannot not do" = Must do / Have no choice but to do
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안 갈 수 없어요. I can't not go. = I must go.
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안 먹을 수 없어요. I can't not eat. = I must eat.
Comparison Chart¶
| Feature | -ㄹ 수 있다 | -ㄹ 수 없다 | 못 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meaning | Can/able to | Cannot (circumstances) | Cannot (ability) |
| Focus | Ability/possibility | Impossibility | Inability |
| Position | After verb stem | After verb stem | Before verb |
| Nuance | Neutral | Circumstances | Personal limitation |
| Formality | Neutral | Neutral | Slightly casual |
Common Mistakes¶
❌ Wrong¶
- 못 수 있어요 (mixing patterns)
- 할 수 못 해요 (wrong order)
✓ Correct¶
- 할 수 있어요 or 못 해요
- 할 수 없어요 or 못 해요
Practice¶
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Fill in the blank: 저는 한국어를 ___ 수 있어요. (I can speak Korean)
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Choose correct form: I can't swim (lack of skill). (수영하다) a) 수영할 수 없어요 b) 수영 못 해요 c) both acceptable
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Translate: Can you help me? (도와주다)
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Translate: I cannot drink coffee. (커피를 마시다 - use 못)
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Difference: 못 가요 vs 갈 수 없어요 - explain briefly
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Translate: You cannot smoke here. (담배를 피우다)
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Past tense: I couldn't go yesterday. (어제 가다 - use -ㄹ 수 없었다)
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Create question: Can you come tomorrow? (내일 오다)
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Translate using double negative: I have no choice but to study. (공부하다)
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Fix if wrong: 못 할 수 있어요. (If wrong, explain and correct)